Chapters

20.0 Learning aims, what you should already know, introduction, delving deeper

• Learning aims
  
• What you should already know
  
• Introduction
• Delving deeper

20.1 Formation of the urinary organs

• Development of the urinary organs (3rd - 4th week)

20.2 Development of the renal anlage

• Introduction
• Pronephros (forekidney): transitory structure
  
• Mesonephros: transitory kidney
  • Mesonephros: first excretory organ
• Metanephros: definitive kidney

20.3 The upper urinary tract: development of the metanephros

• Ureter anlage and metanephric blastema: reciprocal induction
• Morphologic differentiation of the urinary tract
  • The ureter anlage and the formation of the evacuating urinary tract
  • The metanephric blastema and the formation of the nephron
• Functional development
• Ascent of the kidneys

20.4 Lower urinary system

• Subdividing the cloaca
  • Separating the cloaca
  • The perineum and the urorectal septum
• Development of the bladder
• Development of the male and female urethra

20.5 Pathology

• Introduction
• Disorder of the number of kidneys
  • Renal agenesia
  • Too many kidneys (doubling)
• Rotational anomalies
• Disorder of the ascent of the kidneys or ectopic kidneys
• Abnormal kidney size
  • Hypoplasia
  • Aplasia
• Structural anomalies
  • Simple renal cysts
  • Polycystic kidneys
• Vascular anomalies of the kidney
• Congenital ureteral abnormalities
  • Course anomalies of the ureter
  • Anomalies of the ureteral diameter
  • Abnormal number of ureters
• Abnormalities of the ureteral orifice
  • Stenosis
  • Vesico-renal reflux
  • Ectopia of the ureteral orifice
• Exstrophy of the bladder
• Abnormalities of the urachus

20.6 Quiz

• Test your knowledge

20.7 Brief summary

• Summarized

20.8 Bibliography

• References