Chapters

16.0 Learning aims, what you already should know, introduction, delving deeper

• Learning aims
  
• What you already should know
  
• Introduction
• Delving deeper

16.1 Outer form and position of the heart

• Introduction
  
• First signs of cardiac development
  
• The formation of the venticular loop - the U-shaped heart
• Development of the pericardium
• Descent of the heart

16.2 From serial to parallel circulation - the septation of the heart

• Introduction
  
• The transformation processes of the atria
  
• The transformation processes of the ventricles
• The septation of the outflow tract

16.3 Formation of the cardiac valves - the valve level

• The tricuspid and mitral valves (atrioventricular valves)
  
• The aortic and pulmonary valves (semilunar valves)

16.4 Functional development of the heart

• The conduction system
  
• Innervation of the heart

16.5 Development of the vessels

• Introduction
• The molecular basis of blood vessel development
• The molecular basis of lymphatic vessel development

16.6 Development of the veins

• Introduction
  
• The cardinal system
• The umbilical system
• The omphalomesenteric system
• The pulmonary veins

16.7 Development of the arteries

• Introduction
  
• Aortic arches
• Vessels of the dorsal aorta
  • Ventral (visceral), segmental branches of the dorsal aorta
  • Lateral (visceral), segmental branches of the dorsal aorta
  • Dorsolateral (parietal), intersegmental branches of the dorsal aorta
  • Summary of the dorsal aortic vessels
• Coronary arteries

16.8 Development of the lymphatic vessels

• Introduction
  
• The lymphatic vessel system

16.9 Embryo-fetal circulation system - changes at birth

• Introduction
  
• The fetal circulation system
• Changes at birth

16.10 Pathologie

• Introduction
  
• Right cardiac obstruction (without shunt)
  • Pulmonary stenosis (PS)
  • Tricuspid stenosis
• Left cardiac obstruction (without shunt)
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic insufficiency
  • Aortic isthmus stenosis (coarctatio aortae)
  • Interrupted aortic arch
  • Hypoplastic left cardiac syndrome
• Heart abnormality with left-right shunt (acyanotic)
  • Persisting ductus arteriosus (PDA)
  • Atrial septum defect (ASD)
  • Ventricle septum defect (VSD)
  • Atrioventricular septum defect
• Heart abnormality with right-left shunt (cyanotic)
  • Fallot's tetralogy
  • Pulmonary valve atresia
  • Tricuspid atresia
• Heart abnormality with false connections of the blood vessels
  • Transposition of the great vessels (TGA)
  • Double inlet ventricle
  • Complete pulmonary vein inlet errors
  • Truncus arteriosus communis

16.11 Quiz

• Test your knowledge

16.12 Brief summary

• Summarized

16.13 Bibliography

• References